The Global Observatory of Regulation & Bioethics in Telehealth

Mapping telemedicine regulation across the world — through the lens of equity

A mixed methods study of telemedicine regulatory frameworks in all 194 WHO Member States, examining how norms address data protection, informed consent, justice, and barriers to access.

In brief

What is the Global Telehealth Hub?

A free, independent observatory showing how — and whether — each country in the world regulates telemedicine.

Built on official sources

Every answer comes from binding legal texts — national laws, decrees, ministry rules and medical council resolutions — identified and coded country by country. No surveys, no estimates.

194 countries, 10 questions

All WHO Member States are assessed against the same ten questions: does regulation exist, does it protect personal data, require consent, demand professional training, address justice and access barriers?

Equity is the lens

Regulation is unevenly distributed across the world. The Hub makes visible who is protected and who is left out, comparing WHO regions and World Bank income groups.

Interactive Map

Explore regulation worldwide

Select an indicator and hover over any country. Click a country to open its full regulatory profile with source observations.

How to use the map

1
Choose a questionUse the Indicator menu below to load any of the ten questions onto the map.
2
Read the coloursyes  no  no framework  no data.
3
Hover a countryA tooltip shows its answer to the question currently selected.
4
Click for the full profileOpens all ten answers for that country, with quotes from the official source.

Equity Analysis

Who gets regulated telemedicine?

Regulatory coverage is unevenly distributed. Compare the selected indicator across WHO regions and World Bank income groups.

By WHO region

By income group

Indicators

Ten questions asked of every country

Global share of countries answering “yes”. Q1 is measured against all 194 Member States; Q2–Q10 against countries where a regulatory framework was identified. Click a card to load it on the map.

Country Directory

All 194 Member States

Search or filter, and click any row for the full profile. ● yes  ○ no  – not applicable / no data.

Publications

Peer-reviewed research

Scientific articles produced within the observatory's research programme. All are open access.

2026

Global Mapping of Telemedicine Regulation and Ethical Safeguards: Mixed Methods Exploratory Document Analysis

Gomes RR, Silva dos Santos CA, Duarte I, Nunes R
JMIR Formative Research, 2026;10:e86613

Document analysis of normative instruments in force across all 194 WHO Member States. Only 81 countries (41.8%) had telemedicine regulation in force; among these, data protection was addressed in 90.1% and informed consent in 87.7%, while just 32.1% required professional training and 30.9% contained concrete provisions to reduce access barriers. This study is the source of the data presented on this site.

2025

Ethical and legal risks of telemedicine

Gomes RR, Silva dos Santos CA, Duarte I, Nunes R
Revista Bioética, 2025;33:e3983EN

Review of 45 articles on the ethical and legal risks of telemedicine, 29% of them from middle-income countries. Recurring ethical concerns were autonomy and equity; legal risks included the absence of regulation, patient safety and quality of care. Published in English, Portuguese and Spanish.

This list grows as the research programme advances. For collaborations, data requests or corrections, write to contato@rosamariagomes.com.br.

About

Methodology & purpose

The Global Telehealth Hub is the global observatory of regulation and bioethics in telehealth. Its founding project presents findings from doctoral research in Bioethics dedicated to the global mapping of telemedicine regulation, with special regard to equity. The Hub is designed to grow: future research on telehealth regulation and bioethics will be incorporated as new modules.

Scope

The study covers all 194 WHO Member States, organized by the six WHO regions (African, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, European, South-East Asia, Western Pacific) and stratified by World Bank income classification.

Method

This is a mixed methods study — a document analysis guided by the READ framework (ready the materials, extract data, analyze data, distill findings). For each country, official regulatory sources in force — laws, decrees, resolutions of medical councils and health ministries — were identified through a structured web-based search with no language restrictions. Two researchers independently extracted and coded the material using a predefined codebook, scoring ten standardized questions covering the existence and definition of telemedicine norms, personal data protection, informed consent, patient information on limits of the modality, prior in-person consultation requirements, monitoring mechanisms, professional training, the principle of justice, and guarantees for reducing access barriers. Quantitative frequencies were combined with a qualitative thematic analysis of the instruments included.

Equity lens

Beyond documenting whether regulation exists, the observatory asks whether regulatory frameworks actively address digital inclusion, accommodations for minors and persons with disabilities, and the bioethical principle of justice — dimensions where global disparities are most pronounced.

Data status

This is a living dataset, updated as new regulations are issued and as the research progresses. Observations quoted in country profiles reference the primary sources identified at the time of data collection.

Contact

Rosamaria Gomes — doctoral researcher in Bioethics at Porto University, Portugal.
For inquiries, collaborations, or corrections: contato@rosamariagomes.com.br